Metal Base Preparation**
Low-carbon steel or iron sheets are cut and stamped into mug shapes using hydraulic presses. Surfaces are cleaned via sandblasting to remove impurities, ensuring adhesion. The base is then annealed at 650–750°C to relieve stress.

The entire process emphasizes precision temperature control and material compatibility to achieve the iconic vitreous enamel finish. Modern factories utilize automated kilns and robotic spraying systems to ensure consistency while maintaining artisanal aesthetic qualities. Production time per unit averages 2–3 hours, with 95% material efficiency through scrap metal recycling.